.article-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 240px;justify-content:center;gap:40px;padding-top:16px;display:grid}.article{min-width:0}.article-grid:not(:has(.toc)){grid-template-columns:minmax(0,744px)}.breadcrumb{border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--surface-soft);color:var(--muted-strong);border-radius:8px;margin-bottom:28px;padding:5px 10px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.7;display:inline-flex}.breadcrumb:hover{color:var(--primary-strong);border-color:#93c5fd}.entry-meta{color:var(--muted);flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:12px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.8;display:flex}.entry-kind{color:var(--primary-strong)}.note-kind{color:#0e7490}.article-header{margin-bottom:30px;padding-bottom:0}.article-header:after{content:"";border-top:1px solid var(--line);width:35%;margin-top:28px;display:block}.article-header h1{letter-spacing:var(--tracking-heading);margin:16px 0;font-size:clamp(27px,3vw,34px);font-weight:600;line-height:1.4}.article-description{color:var(--muted-strong);margin-bottom:20px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.8}.toc{border-left:1px solid var(--line);align-self:start;min-width:0;max-height:calc(100vh - 140px);margin-top:61px;padding-left:20px;position:sticky;top:112px;overflow-y:auto}.toc ol{margin:20px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none}.toc li{color:var(--muted);word-break:keep-all;margin:0 0 14px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.6}.toc li.nested{padding-left:12px;font-size:12px}.toc .eyebrow{font:var(--weight-medium) 13px/1.7 var(--sans);letter-spacing:0}.toc a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong);text-decoration:underline}.mobile-toc{display:none}.prose{font-size:17px;font-weight:var(--weight-body);letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--ink);overflow-wrap:anywhere;line-height:1.85}.prose>:first-child{margin-top:0}.prose p{word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:anywhere;margin:0 0 24px}.prose h2{font-size:25px;font-weight:var(--weight-heading);letter-spacing:var(--tracking-heading);margin:48px 0 20px;line-height:1.5}.prose h3{font-size:20px;font-weight:var(--weight-heading);letter-spacing:-.015em;margin:32px 0 16px;line-height:1.5}.prose :is(h2,h3){scroll-margin-top:115px}.prose :is(strong,b){font-weight:var(--weight-heading)}.prose a,.backlinks a,.original-link a{color:var(--primary-strong);text-decoration:underline #93c5fd}.prose ul,.prose ol{margin:0 0 24px;padding-left:24px}.prose li{margin:6px 0}.prose blockquote{background:var(--surface-blue);color:var(--primary-strong);border-left:3px solid #60a5fa;margin:26px 0;padding:14px 22px}.prose blockquote p:last-child{margin:0}.prose pre{border:1px solid var(--line);white-space:pre;overflow-wrap:normal;max-width:100%;font:13px/1.8 var(--mono);border-radius:12px;margin:25px 0;padding:21px;overflow-x:auto}.prose code{font-family:var(--mono);letter-spacing:0;font-size:.85em}.prose pre code{font:inherit}.prose :not(pre)>code{background:var(--surface-blue);border-radius:3px;padding:3px 5px}.prose table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:25px 0;font-size:14px;display:block;overflow-x:auto}.prose th,.prose td{border:1px solid var(--line);text-align:left;padding:10px 15px}.prose th{background:var(--surface-soft)}.prose :is(th,td)[align=center]{text-align:center}.prose :is(th,td)[align=right]{text-align:right}.prose img,.prose video,.prose iframe,.prose svg{max-width:100%}.prose .katex svg{max-width:none}.prose img,.prose video{border-radius:12px;height:auto}.prose .katex-display{max-width:100%;padding:8px 0;overflow:auto hidden}.prose .katex{letter-spacing:normal}.prose hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:36px 0}.original-link{color:var(--muted);margin:35px 0;font-size:12px}.related-section{margin-top:50px}.backlinks{background:var(--surface-blue);margin-top:35px;padding:22px}.backlinks h2{font-size:14px}.backlinks ul{margin-bottom:0;padding-left:18px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.9}@media (width<=1000px){.article-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) clamp(160px,22vw,200px);gap:24px}.toc{max-height:calc(100dvh - 120px);padding-left:12px;top:96px}}@media (700px<=width<=1000px){.prose{font-size:16px}}@media (width<700px){.article-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:25px;max-width:745px;margin:0 auto}.toc{display:none}.mobile-toc{border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--muted-strong);border-radius:12px;margin-bottom:30px;padding:16px 20px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.8;display:block}.mobile-toc summary{cursor:pointer;color:var(--ink);font-weight:600}.mobile-toc ol{margin:16px 0 0;padding:0;list-style:none}.mobile-toc li+li{margin-top:10px}.mobile-toc .nested{padding-left:12px}.mobile-toc a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}.article-grid{padding-top:10px}.article-header h1{font-size:29px}.article-description{font-size:14px}.prose h2{font-size:22px}.prose pre{padding:15px;font-size:12px}}.category-chips{margin-bottom:35px}.category-intro{margin-bottom:32px}.category-intro #related-contents{display:none}.legacy-details{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;min-width:0;margin:24px 0}.legacy-details summary{cursor:pointer;color:var(--primary-strong);background:var(--surface-blue);padding:12px 16px;font-size:14px}.legacy-details>div{padding:20px 16px 0}.legacy-details>div>:first-child{margin-top:0}.legacy-tier{color:var(--tier-color);white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;align-items:center;gap:5px;font-size:13px;display:inline-flex}.legacy-result{font:700 12px var(--mono);color:#9f1239;white-space:nowrap;background:#fff1f2;border-radius:12px;padding:3px 7px}.legacy-result.accepted{color:#166534;background:#dcfce7}.legacy-image{margin:24px auto;display:block}.legacy-math{max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto}.complexity-chart{border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--surface-soft);border-radius:12px;margin:28px 0;padding:12px}.complexity-chart svg{width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.complexity-chart text{font:11px var(--mono);fill:var(--muted)}.complexity-chart figcaption{font-size:13px}.chart-legend{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:8px 16px;display:flex}.complexity-chart label{align-items:center;gap:12px;margin-top:14px;display:flex}.complexity-chart input{min-width:0;accent-color:var(--primary-strong);flex:1}.complexity-chart output{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;min-width:4ch}:root{color-scheme:light;--page-bg:#eef6ff;--page-bg-2:#f8fbff;--surface:#fff;--surface-soft:#f8fafc;--surface-blue:#eff6ff;--surface-cyan:#ecfeff;--line:#d9e5f2;--border-strong:#bfd3e7;--ink:#172033;--muted:#64748b;--muted-strong:#475569;--primary:#2563eb;--primary-strong:#1d4ed8;--primary-soft:#dbeafe;--accent:#0891b2;--brand-sans:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Apple SD Gothic Neo", Roboto, "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;--sans:"Pretendard Variable", var(--brand-sans);--mono:"SFMono-Regular", Consolas, "Liberation Mono", monospace;--weight-body:400;--weight-medium:500;--weight-heading:600;--tracking-heading:-.025em;font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:var(--weight-body);color:var(--ink);font-synthesis:none;text-rendering:optimizelegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}*{box-sizing:border-box}body{background:radial-gradient(circle at top left, #2563eb21, transparent 28rem), linear-gradient(180deg, var(--page-bg) 0%, var(--page-bg-2) 48%, #fff 100%);min-height:100vh;margin:0}a{color:inherit;text-underline-offset:4px;text-decoration:none}button,input{font:inherit}button,a,input{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}button{cursor:pointer}svg{vertical-align:middle;flex:none}::selection{background:var(--primary-soft);color:#1e3a8a}:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--primary);outline-offset:4px}h1,h2,h3,p{margin-top:0}h1,h2,h3{word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-weight:var(--weight-heading)}.site-shell{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 40px}.site-header{z-index:20;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#f8fbfff2;border-radius:16px;align-items:center;gap:28px;min-height:72px;margin:16px -12px 32px;padding:8px 12px;display:flex;position:sticky;top:12px}.wordmark{color:#102c60;font-family:var(--brand-sans);letter-spacing:-.7px;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;gap:10px;font-size:23px;font-weight:800;display:flex}.brand-logo{border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0;width:33px;height:33px}.desktop-nav{align-items:center;gap:24px;margin-left:auto;display:flex}.desktop-nav a{min-height:44px;color:var(--muted-strong);white-space:nowrap;align-items:center;font-size:14px;display:flex}.desktop-nav a:hover,.desktop-nav a[aria-current]{color:var(--primary-strong)}.desktop-nav a[aria-current]{font-weight:var(--weight-heading)}.header-actions{align-items:center;gap:12px;display:flex}.search-link,.account-link{min-height:40px;color:var(--muted-strong);justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:6px;font-size:12px;display:flex}.search-link{background:var(--surface-cyan);color:#0e7490;border:1px solid #67e8f9;border-radius:8px;padding:8px 10px}.search-link:hover{background:#cffafe}.account-link:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}.account-link span{display:none}.account-link{min-width:32px}.mobile-menu{display:none}main{width:100%;min-width:0;max-width:840px;min-height:calc(100vh - 240px);margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:36px}main.main-wide{max-width:none}.page-heading{padding:16px 0 30px}.page-heading h1{letter-spacing:var(--tracking-heading);margin-bottom:14px;font-size:clamp(28px,3vw,34px);font-weight:600;line-height:1.45}.page-heading p:not(.eyebrow){color:var(--muted-strong);word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:anywhere;margin-bottom:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.8}.eyebrow{color:var(--muted);font:11px/1.7 var(--mono);letter-spacing:1px;margin-bottom:16px}.title-dot{color:var(--primary)}.browse-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,3fr) minmax(0,1fr);align-items:start;gap:40px;display:grid}.browse-grid>section{min-width:0}.list-controls{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:8px 16px;margin-bottom:16px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.8;display:flex}.list-controls p{color:var(--muted);margin:0}.list-controls a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}.list-tabs{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-bottom:20px;display:flex}.list-tabs a{font-size:12px;font-weight:var(--weight-medium);border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--surface);color:var(--muted-strong);border-radius:8px;padding:7px 14px}.list-tabs a[aria-current]{color:var(--primary-strong);background:var(--primary-soft);border-color:#93c5fd;font-weight:600}.list-tabs a:hover{border-color:var(--primary)}.entry-list{flex-direction:column;gap:16px;min-width:0;display:flex}.post-preview{isolation:isolate;border:1px solid var(--border-strong);background:var(--surface);border-radius:16px;padding:22px;transition:background-color .16s,border-color .16s;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.post-preview:hover,.post-preview:focus-within{background:var(--surface-blue);border-color:#93c5fd}.cover-image{z-index:-1;object-fit:cover;opacity:.32;width:60%;height:100%;position:absolute;inset:0 0 0 auto;mask-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#0000,#000)}.preview-date{color:var(--muted-strong);font:var(--weight-body) 12px/1.6 var(--sans);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;margin-bottom:7px;display:block}.post-preview h3{letter-spacing:-.015em;margin:0 0 8px;font-size:19px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5}.preview-link{justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;gap:20px;display:flex}.preview-link:after{content:"";z-index:1;position:absolute;inset:0}.preview-link svg{color:var(--muted);margin-top:5px}.post-preview:hover h3{color:var(--primary-strong)}.preview-description{color:var(--muted-strong);letter-spacing:-.01em;-webkit-line-clamp:2;word-break:keep-all;overflow-wrap:anywhere;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;margin:0 0 13px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.75;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.has-cover .preview-description{margin-right:70px}.preview-info{color:var(--muted-strong);font-size:12px;font-weight:var(--weight-medium);align-items:center;gap:6px;margin:0 0 12px;display:flex}.preview-tags,.topic-chips,.entry-tags{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:7px;display:flex}.preview-tags a,.topic-chips a,.entry-tags a{border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--surface-soft);color:var(--muted-strong);overflow-wrap:anywhere;border-radius:8px;align-items:center;gap:7px;padding:5px 9px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5;display:inline-flex}.preview-tags a{z-index:2;position:relative}.preview-tags a:hover,.topic-chips a:hover,.entry-tags a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong);background:var(--surface-blue);border-color:#93c5fd}.topic-chips span{color:var(--muted);font-size:10px}.browse-sidebar{min-width:0;padding-top:2px}.sidebar-section+.sidebar-section{margin-top:32px}.sidebar-section h2{align-items:center;gap:8px;margin:0 0 18px;font-size:17px;font-weight:600;display:flex}.sidebar-section h2 svg{color:var(--primary-strong)}.sidebar-more{justify-content:flex-end;align-items:center;gap:7px;min-height:30px;margin-top:16px;font-size:13px;display:flex}.sidebar-more:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}.category-list{flex-direction:column;gap:4px;display:flex}.category-list a{border-radius:8px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:12px;padding:10px 12px;font-size:13px;display:flex}.category-list a:hover{background:var(--surface-blue);color:var(--primary-strong)}.category-list a>span:last-child{font:var(--weight-body) 12px var(--sans);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:var(--muted)}.sidebar-about{border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:30px;padding:24px 0 0}.sidebar-about strong{color:#102c60;font-size:15px}.sidebar-about p{color:var(--muted);margin:10px 0;font-size:12px;line-height:1.9}.sidebar-about a{min-height:32px;color:var(--muted-strong);align-items:center;gap:5px;margin-right:16px;font-size:12px;display:inline-flex}.pagination{grid-template-columns:1fr auto 1fr;align-items:center;gap:16px;margin-top:26px;font-size:13px;display:grid}.pagination a{padding:12px 0}.pagination>:last-child{justify-self:end}.pagination a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}.page-count{font:var(--weight-body) 12px var(--sans);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:var(--muted)}.section-heading{justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;margin-bottom:20px;display:flex}.section-heading h2{margin:0;font-size:17px;font-weight:600}.section-heading h2 span{color:var(--muted);margin-left:8px;font-size:12px}.muted{color:var(--muted);font-size:12px}.empty-state{color:var(--muted);padding:28px 0;font-size:14px}.tag-index{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:16px;display:grid}.tag-index>a{border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--surface);border-radius:12px;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:22px;display:flex}.tag-number{font:11px var(--mono);color:var(--muted)}.tag-index h2{flex:1;min-width:0;margin:0;font-size:17px;font-weight:600}.tag-index a>span:last-child{color:var(--muted);white-space:nowrap;font-size:11px}.tag-index a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong);border-color:#93c5fd}.archive-years{margin-bottom:36px}.archive-year{margin-bottom:40px;scroll-margin-top:115px}.archive-year h2{align-items:baseline;gap:12px;font-size:24px;font-weight:600;display:flex}.archive-year h2 span{color:var(--muted);font-size:12px;font-weight:400}.archive-year ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.archive-year li{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);align-items:baseline;gap:20px;padding:14px 0;font-size:14px;display:flex}.archive-year time{color:var(--muted);font:var(--weight-body) 12px var(--sans);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;flex:0 0 46px}.archive-year a{overflow-wrap:anywhere;flex:1;min-width:0;line-height:1.7}.archive-year a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}.archive-kind{color:var(--muted);flex-shrink:0;font-size:11px}.search-form{border:1px solid var(--border-strong);background:var(--surface);color:var(--primary);border-radius:12px;align-items:center;gap:14px;padding:10px 12px 10px 18px;display:flex}.search-form:focus-within{border-color:var(--primary)}.search-form input{min-width:0;color:var(--ink);background:0 0;border:0;flex:1;padding:10px 0;font-size:16px}.search-form input::placeholder{color:var(--muted)}.search-form button,.load-more,.text-link{border:1px solid var(--primary);background:var(--primary);color:#fff;border-radius:8px;min-height:42px;padding:10px 16px;font-size:13px;font-weight:600}.search-form button:hover,.load-more:hover,.text-link:hover{background:var(--primary-strong)}.text-link{align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-top:20px;display:inline-flex}.search-form button span{margin-left:10px}.search-status,.dev-notice{color:var(--muted);margin:24px 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.8}.search-result{background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:16px;padding:24px}.search-result h2{font-size:20px;font-weight:var(--weight-heading);letter-spacing:-.015em;margin-bottom:12px;line-height:1.5}.search-result h2 a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}.search-result p{color:var(--muted-strong);margin-bottom:0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.8}.load-more{margin-top:26px}.site-footer{border-top:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--muted);flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:24px;margin-top:32px;padding:28px 0;display:flex}.site-footer>div{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:16px;display:flex}.site-footer span{font-size:11px}.footer-name{font-family:var(--brand-sans);color:#102c60;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:16px;font-weight:800;display:inline-flex}.footer-name img{border-radius:50%}.footer-links{font-size:11px}.footer-links a{align-items:center;gap:5px;min-height:32px;display:flex}.footer-links a:hover{color:var(--primary-strong)}[hidden]{display:none!important}.not-found{padding-top:50px}.sr-only,.skip-link:not(:focus){clip-path:inset(50%);white-space:nowrap;width:1px;height:1px;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}.skip-link:focus{background:var(--primary);color:#fff;z-index:100;padding:10px 15px;position:fixed;top:10px;left:10px}.auth-page{max-width:600px;margin:28px auto 80px}.auth-page h1{letter-spacing:var(--tracking-heading);margin-bottom:14px;font-size:clamp(26px,4vw,36px)}.auth-intro{color:var(--muted-strong);margin-bottom:30px;line-height:1.7}.auth-card{border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--surface);border-radius:12px;padding:clamp(24px,5vw,40px)}.auth-icon{background:var(--surface-blue);width:52px;height:52px;color:var(--primary);border-radius:12px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:24px;display:inline-flex}.auth-card h2{margin-bottom:12px;font-size:20px}.auth-card p{color:var(--muted-strong);font-size:14px;line-height:1.9}.auth-button{background:var(--primary);color:#fff;border-radius:7px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;min-height:50px;margin-top:28px;padding:14px 18px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;display:flex}.auth-button:hover{background:var(--primary-strong)}.auth-back{width:100%;min-height:44px;color:var(--muted-strong);background:0 0;border:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:7px;margin-top:12px;padding:8px 0;font-size:13px;display:flex}.auth-back:hover{color:var(--primary)}.auth-card .auth-message{border-left:3px solid var(--primary);background:var(--surface-blue);margin:24px 0 0;padding:12px 16px}.auth-caption{text-align:center;color:var(--muted);margin-top:20px;font-size:12px}.account-details{margin:20px 0 0;font-size:14px}.account-details div{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;padding:14px 0;display:flex}.account-details dt{color:var(--muted)}.account-details dd{overflow-wrap:anywhere;margin:0}@media (width<=1000px){.site-shell{padding-inline:24px}.site-header{gap:12px;min-height:64px;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:24px;top:8px}.wordmark{gap:8px;font-size:21px}.desktop-nav{gap:clamp(10px,1.6vw,16px)}.desktop-nav a{font-size:13px}.browse-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) clamp(172px,22vw,220px);gap:24px}.post-preview{padding:20px}}@media (width<700px){.desktop-nav{display:none}.header-actions{margin-left:auto}.mobile-menu{display:block}.mobile-menu summary{cursor:pointer;border:1px solid var(--border-strong);background:var(--surface);border-radius:8px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:40px;height:40px;list-style:none;display:flex}.mobile-menu summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mobile-menu[open] summary{color:var(--primary-strong);background:var(--surface-blue)}.mobile-menu nav{background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;flex-direction:column;padding:10px;display:flex;position:absolute;top:calc(100% + 8px);left:0;right:0;box-shadow:0 10px 20px #17203314}.mobile-menu nav a{border-radius:8px;padding:13px 16px;font-size:14px}.mobile-menu nav a:hover,.mobile-menu nav a[aria-current]{color:var(--primary-strong);background:var(--surface-blue)}.browse-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:40px}.browse-sidebar{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px;display:grid}.sidebar-section+.sidebar-section{margin-top:0}.sidebar-about{grid-column:1/-1;margin-top:0}.page-heading{padding-top:12px}}@media (width<=600px){.site-shell{padding-inline:20px}.site-header{margin-inline:-8px;padding-inline:8px}.wordmark{gap:8px;font-size:21px}.brand-logo{width:30px;height:30px}.header-actions{gap:8px}.search-link span{display:none}.search-link{width:40px}.account-link{width:32px}main{padding-bottom:20px}.page-heading h1{font-size:28px}.page-heading p:not(.eyebrow){font-size:13px}.list-controls{font-size:12px}.list-tabs{margin-bottom:16px}.post-preview{padding:20px 16px}.post-preview h3{font-size:18px}.preview-description{font-size:14px}.has-cover{padding-top:84px}.has-cover .cover-image{opacity:.32;width:100%;height:75%;mask-image:linear-gradient(#000,#0000)}.has-cover .preview-description{margin-right:0}.preview-tags a,.topic-chips a{font-size:12px}.tag-index{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}.browse-sidebar{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);gap:30px}.search-form{gap:8px;padding:8px}.search-form>svg{display:none}.search-form input{padding-left:8px}.search-form input::placeholder{font-size:11px}.search-form button span{display:none}.search-result{padding:20px 16px}.site-footer>div:first-child{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:8px}.archive-year li{gap:12px}.archive-kind{display:none}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.post-preview{transition:none}}